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D.M. 1444/1968

Mandatory limits of density, height, distance between buildings and urban standards

In forceEdilizia & TitoliLegge/DecretoCogente● Verified

Summary

TAV. 00

Sets the mandatory limits that municipal planning instruments must respect: building density, heights, distances between buildings and minimum public-space provision (urban standards). It divides the territory into homogeneous zones (A–F).

Scope of application

TAV. 01

Applies to municipal urban planning and new building works. It remains in force through the Building Act (D.P.R. 380/2001). Municipalities and Regions cannot derogate below its minimum limits (e.g. distance between buildings), but may set stricter requirements.

In depth

TAV. A

If the Building Act sets which permit you build with, D.M. 1444/1968 sets within which limits. A 1968 decree, yet still a daily reference, especially for three things: the division of territory into zones, the minimum distances between buildings and the provision of public spaces.

The homogeneous territorial zones

The decree classifies each portion of territory into a homogeneous zone, and on this depend density, heights and the minimum provision of public spaces.

The homogeneous zones (A-F)
ZoneWhat it denotes
Ahistoric centres and areas of environmental interest
Balready built-up areas (infill)
Careas for new settlements (expansion)
Dproductive / industrial settlements
Eagricultural areas
Ffacilities and services of general interest
Editorial summary for information.

The 10-metre distance

Article 9 and the 10 metres

For new construction (outside zone A) the decree imposes an absolute minimum distance of 10 metres between windowed walls and walls of facing buildings. Note the exact wording of art. 9(2): 'windowed walls and walls' — both facing walls need not have windows, one is enough. It is one of the most litigated prescriptions in Italian planning. A single municipality cannot reduce it: it may only prescribe greater distances. Since 2013, however, art. 2-bis of D.P.R. 380/2001 allows Regions and autonomous Provinces to lay down derogating provisions, provided this happens within the definition or revision of planning instruments. So always check the regional law too before concluding.

Urban standards

Alongside zones and distances, the decree requires planning instruments to provide a minimum of public spaces in proportion to the settled population: for residential settlements, at least 18 sq m per inhabitant, split between education, community facilities, green and sport, and parking. Productive and tertiary zones follow different criteria. To these are added the density and height limits, differentiated by zone.

Minimum standards per inhabitant (residential settlements)
Usesq m/inhabitant
Education (nurseries, compulsory schools)4.5
Community facilities2.0
Green and sport9.0
Parking2.5
Total18.0
Minimum values set by the decree for residential zones; editorial summary.
NOTE

D.M. 1444/1968 is closely tied to the Building Act (which keeps it in force) and to municipal planning instruments (PRG/PGT), which transpose and detail its limits. It is the bridge between national rule and local planning.

Key points

TAV. K
  • Divides the territory into homogeneous zones A (historic centres), B, C, D, E, F
  • Absolute minimum distance of 10 m between windowed walls and walls of facing buildings (art. 9): only one of the two need have windows
  • Still in force under art. 136 of the Building Act; its limits may be derogated from only by the Regions, in the cases of art. 2-bis of D.P.R. 380/2001
  • Minimum public-space standards: at least 18 sq m per inhabitant in residential settlements

Building systems that apply it

TAV. S
S-37Micropiles (underpinning)S-31Isolated footing foundationS-23Inverted-beam (grade-beam) foundationS-34Ventilated sub-floor (ground-bearing floor)

State-exam tracks that call it into play

TAV. E

Where this rule shows up in past architect qualification exams — study the rule, not just the theme.

2026 · I sess.Two briefs: a dance school with a small theatre, a house-museum with an artist's atelierUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)2025 · I sess.Social housing in a district under regenerationPolitecnico di Milano2025 · II sess.Reuse of a disused industrial complex on the edge of the Parco SudPolitecnico di Milano2025 · I sess.New residential building on a corner lot, in dialogue with a listed buildingPolitecnico di Torino2025 · I sess.Three themes: terraced house, detached villa, town hall with squareUniversità "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara2025 · II sess.Two themes: two-family villa with courtyard, small block on pilotisUniversità "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara2025 · I sess.Three themes: a public pavilion, an ex-barn recovery, the ex-Mercafir masterplanUniversità degli Studi di Firenze2025 · II sess.Three themes: a neighbourhood library, a Tuscan ex-barn, the Soccorso district in PratoUniversità degli Studi di Firenze2025 · II sess.A villa for an artist on the Trieste CarsoUniversità degli Studi di Trieste2025 · II sess.A two-family house around an internal courtyard in a peri-urban settingUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)2025 · I sess.Single-family house in an agricultural zone (new build)Università di Bologna2025 · I sess.Completing a house on an already-started frameUniversità di Bologna2025 · II sess.nZEB two-family house in a consolidated urban area in ModenaUniversità di Bologna2024 · I sess.Two themes: temporary housing for the Besta hospital, recovery of a courtyard farmsteadPolitecnico di Milano2024 · I sess.Two themes: riverside residential buildings, multifunctional public buildingPolitecnico di Torino2024 · II sess.Two themes: mixed craft-residence building, an office/production buildingPolitecnico di Torino2024 · II sess.Four themes: a Francigena centre, a lighthouse restoration, a historic house, a Sorano recovery planUniversità degli Studi di Firenze2024 · I sess.Four themes: a house on the Francigena, tower ruins, a Belvedere pavilion, an urban blockUniversità degli Studi di Firenze2024 · II sess.Two themes: a detached house on a lot, the urban recovery of a square in TriesteUniversità degli Studi di Trieste2024 · I sess.Two themes: an apartment on Piazza Ponterosso, a beach establishment at GradoUniversità degli Studi di Trieste2024 · I sess.A bioclimatic tower house on a sloping lotUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)2024 · II sess.Two briefs: a small civic building on a sloping lot, a low-rise high-density block with a roof gardenUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)2024 · II sess.Single-family house in an agricultural zoneUniversità di Bologna2019 · I sess.Three themes: retail building, adaptive reuse, urban-planning districtUniversità "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara2019 · I sess.Two themes: the reuse of a mountain building, a confectionery-company outlet in FriuliUniversità degli Studi di Trieste2019 · I sess.The school complex: primary school, gym, canteenUniversità di Bologna2019 · II sess.Three spaces for the town: an artist's house, a fortress lift, a terraced hotelUniversità di Bologna2018 · II sess.Three themes: a coastal observatory, “growing houses”, the Pinerolo market canopyUniversità degli Studi di Genova2018 · I sess.Three single-family houses: terraced, on a steep slope, with a patioUniversità di Bologna2018 · II sess.Three themes: an atelier in a former depot, a porticoed infill, a student houseUniversità di Bologna2017 · I sess.Three themes: a Sampierdarena transformation district, a civic library, a rural recoveryUniversità degli Studi di Genova2017 · I sess.Three residential types: terraced, block, patio housesUniversità di Bologna2017 · II sess.Three recoveries: a neighbourhood hall, a farmhouse B&B, a civic hall on the squareUniversità di Bologna2016 · II sess.Three themes: attic reuse, a retail complex, housing on a slope in ImperiaUniversità degli Studi di Genova2016 · I sess.Three residential building types: terraced, in-line, gallery-accessUniversità di Bologna2016 · II sess.Three refurbishments: a library-playroom, a social centre, a farm-stayUniversità di Bologna2015 · I sess.One site, three projects: a library, a housing complex, an urban study on the ex-AMT depotUniversità degli Studi di Genova2014 · I sess.Three themes: housing at Sestri Levante, a farm-stay to recover, a residential implementation planUniversità degli Studi di Genova2013 · I sess.Three themes: a town hall from a villa, a farm-stay house in the Apennines, an accessible flatUniversità degli Studi di Genova2013 · II sess.Three themes: a shop-and-housing block, a food market, a brewery in a harbour warehouseUniversità degli Studi di Genova2013 · II sess.Three themes: housing over shops, a neighbourhood culture centre, a public sports areaUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)2013 · I sess.House-workshop: a dwelling and a work space over a duplexUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)2012 · I sess.Three themes: terraced houses, a gallery-access apartment building, restoration of a Romanesque churchUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa) · in review2009 · I sess.Real architecture competitions as exam themesUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico II2008 · I sess.Three themes: a clifftop church, a park with an open-air theatre, a neighbourhood civic centreUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico II2007 · I sess.Spaces of dialogue: a hall for faiths, a rural recovery, a multi-ethnic neighbourhoodUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico II2007 · I sess.An in-line residential building with shops on the ground floorUniversità della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Aversa)

Frequently asked questions

TAV. Q
Is the 10-metre distance always mandatory?

It applies to new construction, outside zone A, where a windowed wall faces the wall of another building: art. 9(2) says 'windowed walls and walls of facing buildings', so both need not have windows. The municipality cannot reduce it, only require greater distances. Since 2013, however, art. 2-bis of D.P.R. 380/2001 allows Regions and autonomous Provinces to provide derogations within the definition or revision of planning instruments: the final answer always lies in the regional law too, not in the 1968 decree alone.

What are urban standards?

They are the minimum provisions of public spaces (green areas, parking, schools, services) the decree requires in proportion to the population. They ensure a minimum settlement quality and bind municipal planning.

Is a 1968 rule still valid?

Yes. D.M. 1444/1968 remains in force under art. 136 of the Building Act and is applied daily, especially for homogeneous zones and distances. The context around it has moved, though: art. 2-bis of the Building Act, introduced in 2013 and supplemented several times, allows Regions and autonomous Provinces to lay down derogating provisions within the definition or revision of planning instruments. It has also been the subject of extensive case law clarifying its scope.

How much public space is required per inhabitant?

For residential settlements the decree sets at least 18 sq m per inhabitant, split between education, community facilities, green and sport, and parking. Productive and tertiary zones follow different criteria, and Municipalities may require more.

Glossary

TAV. G
Zona territoriale omogenea (ZTO)
Category into which the decree divides the territory (A-F) by characteristics and intended use.
Standard urbanistici
Minimum provisions of public spaces in proportion to population, required by the decree.
Distanza tra fabbricati
Minimum distance between buildings; for facing windowed walls, art. 9 sets 10 metres.
Inderogabile
A limit local instruments cannot reduce; they may only make it stricter.
Densità edilizia
The ratio between buildable volume and the area of the plot or zone; the decree sets its maximum limits, differentiated by homogeneous zone.

Details

Body
Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici
Type
Legge/Decreto
Binding
Cogente
Level
Nazionale
Year
1968
Read the official text (free) ↗
gazzettaufficiale.it ›
Last verified: 30 May 2026
Editorial status: Verified

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